KERATOMALACIA

SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of keratomalacia may include:

• Corneal Ulceration: Formation of ulcers or open sores on the surface of the cornea, leading to pain, redness, and photophobia (sensitivity to light).
• Corneal Opacity: Clouding or haziness of the cornea, reducing visual acuity and clarity of vision.
• Night Blindness: Impaired vision in low-light conditions, particularly during nighttime or in dimly lit environments, due to compromised function of the retina.
• Xerophthalmia: Dryness of the eyes, irritation, and foreign body sensation, often accompanied by conjunctival and eyelid changes.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosing keratomalacia involves a comprehensive eye examination by an ophthalmologist, including:

• Visual Acuity Testing: Assessment of visual acuity using standardized eye charts to determine the extent of vision loss.
• Slit-Lamp Examination: Detailed examination of the cornea, conjunctiva, and anterior chamber of the eye using a slit lamp to detect corneal ulcers, opacities, or other abnormalities.
• Medical History: Inquiring about dietary habits, medical conditions, and symptoms suggestive of vitamin A deficiency or ocular pathology.
• Blood Tests: Measurement of serum vitamin A levels to confirm deficiency and assess the severity of malnutrition.

TREATMENT

Treatment of keratomalacia focuses on correcting the underlying vitamin A deficiency and managing ocular complications. Treatment options may include:

• Vitamin A Supplementation: Oral or parenteral administration of vitamin A supplements to replenish deficient levels and promote corneal healing and regeneration.
• Topical Lubricants: Eye drops or ointments containing lubricating agents to alleviate dryness, discomfort, and promote epithelial healing.
• Antibiotic Therapy: Topical or systemic antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections associated with corneal ulceration.
• Surgical Intervention: In severe cases of keratomalacia with extensive corneal scarring or perforation, surgical procedures such as corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) may be necessary to restore vision and ocular integrity.

Keratomalacia is a serious eye condition resulting from vitamin A deficiency, characterized by corneal degeneration, ulceration, and visual impairment. Early recognition and treatment of keratomalacia are essential to prevent irreversible damage to the cornea and preserve vision.