AGRANULOCYTOSIS

TYPES

Agranulocytosis can be classified into two main types:

• Primary Agranulocytosis: Also known as idiopathic or acquired agranulocytosis, this form occurs without a known cause and is often associated with medications, chemicals, or toxins that suppress bone marrow function.
• Secondary Agranulocytosis: This type occurs as a result of underlying medical conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or autoimmune disorders. Secondary agranulocytosis may also develop as a complication of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of Agranulocytosis include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Sore throat
• Mouth ulcers
• Skin infections
• Pneumonia
• Septicemia (bloodstream infection)
• Malaise or general weakness

Individuals with agranulocytosis are at increased risk of developing severe infections, which can progress rapidly and require immediate medical attention.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosing agranulocytosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests, and bone marrow examination. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Complete blood count (CBC): A blood test to measure the number of white blood cells, including granulocytes.
  Peripheral blood smear: Examination of a blood sample under a microscope to assess the morphology of white blood cells.
• Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: A procedure to obtain a sample of bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This helps determine the underlying cause of agranulocytosis and assess bone marrow function.

TREATMENT

Treatment of agranulocytosis aims to address the underlying cause, manage symptoms, and prevent infections. Depending on the severity of the condition and associated complications, treatment options may include:

• Discontinuation of Causative Agents: If agranulocytosis is medication-induced, discontinuing the offending medication is typically the first step. This may involve close monitoring and alternative treatment options for the underlying condition.
• Antibiotic Therapy: Prompt initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics is essential to prevent and treat bacterial infections in individuals with agranulocytosis. Antibiotic selection may be guided by the suspected or identified pathogens.
• Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Therapy: G-CSF medications, such as filgrastim or lenograstim, may be administered to stimulate the production of white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, in the bone marrow.
• Supportive Care: Supportive measures such as maintaining strict infection control practices, providing nutritional support, and administering blood transfusions or growth factors may be necessary to manage complications and support the immune system.
• Bone Marrow Transplantation: In severe cases of agranulocytosis associated with bone marrow failure or malignancies, bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a potential curative treatment option.